diff --git a/lib/attack-patterns.sh b/lib/attack-patterns.sh
index f89f741..8e8911a 100644
--- a/lib/attack-patterns.sh
+++ b/lib/attack-patterns.sh
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 # Returns: 0 (true) if SQL injection detected, 1 (false) if not
 detect_sql_injection() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Enhanced SQL injection patterns
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (union.*select|concat\(|benchmark\(|sleep\(|waitfor|cast\(|exec\() ]] ||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ detect_sql_injection() {
 # XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) Detection
 detect_xss() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (<script|javascript:|onerror=|onload=|<iframe|eval\(|alert\() ]] ||
        [[ "$url_lower" =~ (document\.cookie|document\.write|\.innerhtml) ]]; then
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ detect_xss() {
 # Path Traversal / LFI Detection
 detect_path_traversal() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\.\.\/|\.\.\\|etc\/passwd|etc\/shadow|boot\.ini|win\.ini) ]] ||
        [[ "$url_lower" =~ (proc\/self|\/etc\/|c:\\|windows\/system32) ]]; then
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ detect_path_traversal() {
 detect_rce() {
     local url="$1"
     local method="${2:-GET}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Command execution patterns
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (cmd\.exe|\/bin\/bash|\/bin\/sh|phpinfo\(|system\(|exec\(|passthru\(|shell_exec\(|popen\() ]] ||
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ detect_rce() {
 # Info Disclosure Detection
 detect_info_disclosure() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (phpinfo|server-status|server-info|\.git\/|\.env|\.htaccess) ]] ||
        [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\.sql|\.dump|backup\.zip|database\.sql|wp-config\.php\.bak) ]] ||
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ detect_info_disclosure() {
 # Login Bruteforce Detection (URL-based)
 detect_login_bruteforce_url() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (wp-login\.php|wp-admin|xmlrpc\.php) ]] ||
        [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\/admin|\/login|\/signin|\/auth) ]]; then
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ detect_login_bruteforce_url() {
 # Admin Path Probing Detection
 detect_admin_probe() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\/admin|\/administrator|\/wp-admin|\/phpmyadmin) ]] ||
        [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\/manager|\/controlpanel|\/cpanel|\/webmin) ]] ||
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ detect_admin_probe() {
 # XXE (XML External Entity) Detection
 detect_xxe() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # XML entity patterns and external entity references
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (<!entity|<!doctype|system|file://|php://|expect://) ]] ||
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ detect_xxe() {
 # SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) Detection
 detect_ssrf() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Internal network targeting
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (localhost|127\.0\.0\.|169\.254\.|10\.|192\.168\.|172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[01])\.) ]] ||
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ detect_ssrf() {
 # NoSQL Injection Detection
 detect_nosql_injection() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # MongoDB and NoSQL patterns
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\$ne|\$gt|\$lt|\$regex|\$where|\$in|\$nin) ]] ||
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ detect_nosql_injection() {
 # Template Injection (SSTI) Detection
 detect_template_injection() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Jinja2, Twig, FreeMarker, etc.
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (\{\{.*\}\}|\{%.*%\}|\$\{.*\}|<%.*%>) ]] ||
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ detect_encoding_bypass() {
 # Suspicious User-Agent Detection
 detect_suspicious_ua() {
     local user_agent="$1"
-    local ua_lower=$(echo "$user_agent" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local ua_lower="${user_agent,,}"
 
     # Empty or missing UA (common in automated attacks)
     if [ -z "$user_agent" ] || [ "$user_agent" = "-" ]; then
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ detect_anonymizer() {
 # Advanced Bot Fingerprinting (behavior-based)
 detect_bot_fingerprint() {
     local user_agent="$1"
-    local ua_lower=$(echo "$user_agent" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local ua_lower="${user_agent,,}"
 
     # Headless browser detection
     if [[ "$ua_lower" =~ (headless|phantom|selenium|puppeteer|playwright|chromium.*headless) ]] ||
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ detect_bot_fingerprint() {
 detect_credential_stuffing() {
     local url="$1"
     local method="${2:-GET}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Must be POST to login endpoints
     if [ "$method" != "POST" ]; then
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ detect_credential_stuffing() {
 detect_api_abuse() {
     local url="$1"
     local method="${2:-GET}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # API endpoint patterns
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (/api/|/v[0-9]+/|/rest/|/graphql|/webhook) ]] ||
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ detect_api_abuse() {
 # Content Management System (CMS) Vulnerability Probing
 detect_cms_exploit() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # WordPress vulnerabilities
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (wp-content/plugins/.*\.\.|wp-content/themes/.*\.\.) ]] ||
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ detect_cms_exploit() {
 # E-commerce Platform Exploitation
 detect_ecommerce_exploit() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Shopping cart manipulation
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (price=0|price=-|quantity=-|discount=100) ]] ||
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ detect_ecommerce_exploit() {
 detect_http_smuggling() {
     local url="$1"
     local headers="${2:-}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Content-Length and Transfer-Encoding manipulation
     if [[ "$headers" =~ content-length.*transfer-encoding ]] ||
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ detect_http_smuggling() {
 # Resource Exhaustion / DoS Detection
 detect_resource_exhaustion() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Billion laughs / XML bomb patterns
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (<!entity.*<!entity|&[a-z0-9]+;){5,} ]] ||
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ detect_resource_exhaustion() {
 # Open Redirect Detection
 detect_open_redirect() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Redirect parameter patterns with external URLs
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (redirect=http|return=http|url=http|next=http|goto=http) ]] ||
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ detect_open_redirect() {
 # LDAP Injection Detection
 detect_ldap_injection() {
     local url="$1"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # LDAP special characters and operators
     if [[ "$url" =~ (\*|\(|\)|&|\||!|=|>|<|~|%2a|%28|%29|%26|%7c|%21) ]]; then
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ detect_ldap_injection() {
 detect_file_upload_exploit() {
     local url="$1"
     local method="${2:-GET}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # Must be POST or PUT (upload operations)
     if [[ "$method" != "POST" ]] && [[ "$method" != "PUT" ]]; then
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ detect_file_upload_exploit() {
 detect_graphql_abuse() {
     local url="$1"
     local method="${2:-GET}"
-    local url_lower=$(echo "$url" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    local url_lower="${url,,}"
 
     # GraphQL endpoint
     if [[ "$url_lower" =~ (/graphql|/api/graphql|/query|/api/query) ]]; then